Home Understanding Melanoma Melanoma facts and statistics Melanoma facts and statistics Australia has one of the highest rates of melanoma in the world, and melanoma is often referred to as 'Australia's national cancer'.
Australia has the highest melanoma rates in the world. It is expected that 16, people will be diagnosed with melanoma this year. That means one person is told they have melanoma every 30 minutes. Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer. This finding argues against recategorization of spitzoid melanoma as explaining decreased incidence. Similarly, the percentage of adolescents presenting with localized disease was only slightly decreased This finding suggests that overdiagnosis was not a major factor in observed peak incidence rates.
Trends in in situ melanoma incidence in the US Cancer Statistics database were similar to the trends in invasive melanoma reported herein. As the best available surrogate for skin pigmentation, we evaluated whether trends in non-Hispanic white individuals mirrored those of the larger population; if these rates were instead stable, they would suggest that demographic changes are the major factor.
However, the APC decrease in melanoma incidence rate between and in young non-Hispanic white individuals was similar in magnitude to the larger population. Despite changes in melanoma therapy associated with improved survival, 27 melanoma remains the deadliest skin cancer in the United States.
These efforts were associated with specific reductions in melanomas diagnosed starting around , and similar to our observations, results were particularly pronounced in younger populations. In the United States, reported melanoma incidence was rapidly increasing in all ages, including pediatric, adolescent, and young adult populations, through In this study, we used the large NPCR-SEER data set and found what appears to be a sustained, statistically and clinically significant downtrend in melanoma incidence in adolescent and young adult populations from to , with the total number of US adolescent and young adult reported cases decreasing by In contrast to the reported observations in young adult populations, melanoma incidence markedly increased in persons 40 years or older across the same time period, with increases particularly pronounced in the oldest cohorts.
Although detailed evaluation of trends in older adults is beyond the scope of this study, these increases did not appear to be simply associated with overdiagnosis of clinically insignificant localized lesions because the annual percentage increase in melanoma in those aged 40 years or older was found not only in localized disease APC, 1.
These disparate trends between adolescents and young adults vs older adults further suggest that observed differences reflect real clinical differences and not simply changes in database ascertainment.
One potential explanation is that sun protection during younger years is especially beneficial and thus should be one key focus of public health efforts; however, we continue to advocate for lifetime UV light exposure protection.
It will be interesting to determine the outcomes of the present adolescent and young adult cohorts over time and whether they maintain their lower incidence of melanoma. Our data have limitations that need to be considered when interpreting the study findings. The national registry data do not include information about skin pigmentation, UV light exposure, sunburn history, sun-protective behavior eg, sunscreen , protective clothing, sun avoidance, or tanning bed use.
Because of this lack of information, we cannot estimate the association between increased sun-protective behavior and reductions in melanoma incidence. However, this change in behavior remains a plausible explanation for decreased melanoma rates in adolescent and young adult populations. We further cannot isolate the association of any one intervention with reduced invasive melanoma incidence eg, sunscreen; clothing; education campaigns, such as ABCDE [asymmetry, border, color, diameter, and evolution]; increased dermatologic care; and reduced access to tanning beds , and, to our knowledge, changes in any one of these factors cannot explain the specific year of peak invasive melanoma in approximately in adolescent and young adult populations.
The absence of observed association in pediatric age, years age groups may reflect different causes in this population, with a greater genetic component and lower contribution of UV exposure. Melanoma has been increasing in incidence over the past several decades and is now the fifth most common invasive cancer in men and women.
The first is the apparent improvement in systemic therapies over the past 5 years, with new targeting and immunotherapies that are reporting improved survival outcomes for patients with metastatic disease. The reported data are observational and thus cannot conclusively determine the cause of this statistically and clinically significant decrease.
However, a likely explanation for the reduced melanoma incidence in adolescents and young adults is success at increased UV exposure protection. These data provide an impetus to further improve multimodal efforts aimed at reducing the burden of melanoma and encourage ongoing UV exposure protection efforts throughout the lifetime of individuals.
Corresponding Author: Jennifer M. Published Online: November 13, Author Contributions: Drs Paulson and Gupta contributed equally as primary authors, and Drs Madeleine and Gardner contributed equally as senior authors.
Drs Paulson and Gardner had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Paulson reported receiving grants from Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer—Merck during the conduct of the study and grants from bluebird biosciences and grants from EMD Serono outside the submitted work; in addition, Dr Paulson had a patent for Merkel cell carcinoma T cell receptor issued and licensed.
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Comparison of Data Products. Documentation for Data. Statistical Software. Datasets U. Mortality U. Registry Operations. Data Collection Answers. Expand All Collapse All. Percent of Cases by Stage. How Common Is This Cancer? Compared to other cancers, melanoma of the skin is fairly common. Breast Cancer Female , 43, 2. Prostate Cancer , 34, 3. Lung and Bronchus Cancer , , 4. Colorectal Cancer , 52, 5. Melanoma of the Skin , 7, 6. Bladder Cancer 83, 17, 7. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 81, 20, 8.
Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer 76, 13, 9. Uterine Cancer 66, 12, Leukemia 61, 23, Melanoma of the skin represents 5. Females All Races Median Age At Diagnosis Females All Races 1.
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